ETERNAL VIGILANCE

1.Swap-the exchange of a product or business asset for another,instead of money

2.Estimate-approximate

3.Consider-think about

4.Meditative-think deeply

5.Beneath-under

6.Declare-announce

7.Cement-concrete

8.Yonder-yon

9.Unfathomable-abstruse

10.Perpetual-permanent

11.Tarnish-stain,maculate

12.Burden-an onerous or difficult concern

13.Guilt-the state of having committed an offense

14.Aberration-a state or condition markedly different from the norm

15.Thereby-by that means or because of that

16.Ripple-a small wave on the surface of a liquid

17.Cannas-any plant of the genus Canna having large sheathing leaves and clusters of large showy flowers

18.Reckon-expect, believe, or suppose

19.Meteorological-of or pertaining to atmospheric phenomena, especially weather and weather conditions

20.Porch-a structure attached to the exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance

21.Grunt-a structure attached to the exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance

22.Hoe-a tool with a flat blade attached at right angles to a long handle

23.Squint-abnormal alignment of one or both eyes

24.Apron-a garment of cloth or leather or plastic that is tied about the waist and worn to protect your clothing

25.Accomplishment-the action of accomplishing something

26.Triumphant-joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success

27.Caricature-a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect

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I felt so confused that I heard I need to write a reflection.I felt so sorry that I did not do much work for my group.I still can not understand the meaning of propaganda,but I had to try my best to understand ,however,I knew a little.

I think indiviually,our group do this propaganda a little quickly,and made out project a little unclearly.I think we need to improve many things.We need to practise more and work hard.We should pay more attention on this.

Though i do not know clearly,I still learnt something from this.The British was very overconfident, so they are careless,this make the Japanese could win.They did the propaganda to make the Singaporean to trust them that they can do everything better than the British. During this period of time,I also learnt many skills.

I hope we can do well next time!

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•  The   fall  of  singapore
• The fall of Singapore to the Japanese Army on February 15th 1942 is considered one of the greatest defeats in the history of the British Army and probably Britain’s worst defeat in WW2 The fall of Singapore in 1942 clearly illustrated the way Japan was to fight in the Far eas

•  Singapore, an island at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula, was considered a vital part of the British Empire and supposedly impregnable as a fortress. The British saw it as the “Gibraltar in the Far East”.
• The surrender of Singapore demonstrated to the world that the Japanese Army was a force to be reckoned with though the defeat also ushered in three years of appalling treatment for the Commonwealth POW’s who were caught in Singapore.
• the British military command in Singapore was confident that the power they could call on there would make any Japanese attack useless. One story told about the attitude of the British Army in Singapore was of a young Army officer complaining that the newly completed defences in Singapore might put off the Japanese from landing there.

Why the Japanese could not prevent in time?

• British troops stationed in Singapore were also told that the Japanese troops were poor fighters; alright against soldiers in China who were poor fighters themselves, but of little use against the might of the British Army.
• The Japanese onslaught through the Malay Peninsula took everybody by surprise. Speed was of the essence for the Japanese, never allowing the British forces time to re-group. This was the first time British forces had come up against a full-scale attack by the Japanese.
•  thoughts of the Japanese fighting a conventional form of war were soon shattered. The British had confidently predicted that the Japanese would attack from the sea. This explained why all the defences on Singapore pointed out to sea.
• inconceivable to British military planners that the island could be attacked any other way – least of all, through the jungle and mangrove swamps of the Malay Peninsula. But this was exactly the route the Japanese took.

The Japanese arrived

• hope of aerial support for the army was destroyed before the actual attack on Singapore had actually begun.
• Britain’s naval presence at Singapore was strong. A squadron of warships was stationed there lead by the modern battleship “Prince of Wales” and the battle cruiser “Repulse”.
• On December 8th 1941, both put out to sea and headed north up the Malay coast to where the Japanese were landing.
• On December 10th, both ships were sunk by repeated attacks from Japanese torpedo bombers.
• The RAF could offer the ships no protection as their planes had already been destroyed by the Japanese. The loss of both ships had a devastating impact on morale in Britain.

During the war, millitary

•  The army in the area was led by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival. He had 90,000 men there – British, Indian and Australian troops.
• The Japanese advanced with 65,000 men lead by General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Many of the Japanese troops had fought in the Manchurian/Chinese campaign and were battle-hardened. Many of Percival’s 90,000 men had never seen combat.

During the attack

• On February 8th, 1942, the Japanese attacked across the Johor Strait. Many Allied soldiers were simply too far away to influence the outcome of the battle. On February 8th, 23,000 Japanese soldiers attacked Singapore.
  • They advanced with speed and ferocity. At the Alexandra Military Hospital, Japanese soldiers murdered the patients they found there. Percival kept many men away from the Japanese attack fearing that more Japanese would attack along the 70 mile coastline. He has been blamed for failing to back up those troops caught up directly with the fighting but it is now generally accepted that this would not have changed the final outcome but it may only have prolonged the fighting.
• The Japanese took 100,000 men prisoner in Singapore. Many had just arrived and had not fired a bullet in anger. 9,000 of these men died building the Burma-Thailand railway. The people of Singapore fared worse. Many were of Chinese origin and were slaughtered by the Japanese. After the war, Japan admitted that 5000 had been murdered, but the Chinese population in Singapore put the figure at nearer 50,000. With the evidence of what the Japanese could do to a captured civilian population (as seen at Nanking), 5000 is likely to be an underestimate.

Researched by : Feng Yi

organised and summarised by Hui Yu

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